The **US-22-R** typically refers to a high-precision, industrial-grade **Ultrasonic Splice Sensor** (often manufactured by companies like Lion Precision). These devices are engineered to detect the "splice" or overlap in materials (like paper, film, or foil) moving through a production line. ### Core Electronic Components The device operates on the principle of ultrasonic attenuation. Below are the primary electronic sections: | Component | Function | | :--- | :--- | | **Ultrasonic Transducers** | A pair of piezoelectric elements (Transmitter and Receiver) that emit and capture high-frequency sound waves. | | **Oscillator Circuit** | Generates the high-frequency electrical signal (typically around 200kHz - 400kHz) to drive the transmitting transducer. | | **Signal Processor (DSP/MCU)** | Analyzes the amplitude of the received signal. A drop in signal indicates a thicker material (the splice). | | **Threshold Logic** | A comparator circuit that compares the real-time signal against a "taught" reference level. | | **Output Stage** | NPN or PNP transistors that switch the output signal high/low when a splice is detected. | --- ### Technical Specifications (Typical) | Parameter | Standard Value | | :--- | :--- | | **Supply Voltage** | 12 - 24 VDC | | **Power Consumption** | < 100 mA | | **Response Time** | < 200 microseconds | | **Output Type** | Discrete (NPN/PNP) | | **Connection** | M12 Circular Connector (usually 4 or 5-pin) | --- ### Operating Principle 1. **Transmission:** The ultrasonic transmitter sends a constant burst of sound through the air gap. 2. **Attenuation:** As the material passes through the gap, it absorbs some sound. A single layer allows $X$ amount of sound through. 3. **Detection:** When a splice (double layer) passes, the sound is further attenuated (less sound reaches the receiver). 4. **Trigger:** The internal electronics detect this drop in decibels and trigger the digital output to signal the PLC (Programmable Logic Controller). ### Key Features for Electronics Integration * **Auto-Calibration:** Most US-22-R units feature a "Teach" button or remote teach wire. This allows the internal microprocessor to sample the base material and set the switching threshold automatically. * **Noise Immunity:** The electronic housing is usually shielded to prevent EMI (Electromagnetic Interference) from industrial motors and drives. * **Pulse Stretching:** Some models include internal logic to lengthen the output pulse so that slower PLCs can register the high-speed detection.