ML2281CCP datasheet(14/26 Pages) MICRO-LINEAR

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ML2281, ML2282, ML2284, ML2288

REFERENCE

The voltage applied to the reference input to these

converters defines the voltage span of the analog input

(the difference between VIN MAX and VIN MIN) over which

the 256 possible output codes apply. The devices can be

used in either ratiometric applications or in systems

requiring absolute accuracy. The reference pin must be

connected

to a voltage source capable of driving the reference input

resistance, typically 10k. This pin is the top of a resistor

divider string used for the successive approximation

conversion.

In a ratiometric system, the analog input voltage is

proportional to the voltage used for the A/D reference.

This voltage is typically the system power supply, so the

VREF pin can be tied to VCC. This technique relaxes the

stability requirements of the system reference as the analog

input and A/D reference move together maintaining the

same output code for a given input condition.

For absolute accuracy, where the analog input varies

between specific voltage limits, the reference pin can be

biased with a time and temperature stable voltage source.

The maximum value of the reference is limited to the VCC

supply voltage. The minimum value, however, can be quire

small to allow direct conversion of inputs with less than 5V

of voltage span. Particular care must be taken with regard to

noise pickup, circuit layout and system error voltage sources

when operating with a reduced span due to the increased

sensitivity of the converter.

ANALOG INPUTS AND SAMPLE/HOLD

An important feature of the ML2281 family of devices is that

they can be located at the source of the analog signal and

then communicate with a controlling µP with just a few

wires. This avoids bussing the analog inputs long distances

and thus reduces noise pickup on these analog lines.

However, in some cases, the analog inputs have a large

common mode voltage or even some noise present along

with the valid analog signal.

The differential input of these converters reduces the effects

of common mode input noise. Thus, if a common mode

voltage is present on both “+” and “–” inputs, such as 60Hz,

the converter will reject this common mode voltage since it

only converts the difference between “+” and “–” inputs.

The ML2281 family have a true sample and hold circuit

which samples both “+” and “–” inputs simultaneously. This

simultaneous sampling with a true S/H will give common

mode rejection and AC linearity performance that is superior

to devices where the two input terminals are not sampled at

the same instant and where true sample and hold capability

does not exist. Thus, the ML2281 family of devices can

reject AC common mode signals from DC-50kHz as well as

maintain linearity for signals from DC-50kHz.

The signal at the analog input is sampled during the interval

when the sampling switch is closed prior to conversion

start. The sampling window (S/H acquisition time) is 1/2

CLK period wide and occurs 1/2 CLK period before DO

goes from high impedance to active low state. When the

sampling switch closes at the start of the S/H acquisition

time, 8pF of capacitance is thrown onto the analog input.

1/2 CLK period later, the sampling switch is opened and the

signal present at the analog input is stored. Any error on the

analog input at the end of the S/H acquisition time will

cause additional conversion error. Care should be taken to

allow adequate charging or settling time from the source.

If more charging or settling time is needed to reduce these

analog input errors, a longer CLK period can be used.

The ML2281X family has improved latchup immunity.

Each analog input has dual diodes to the supply rails, and

a minimum of ±25mA (±100mA typically) can be injected

into each analog input without causing latchup.

DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE

Signal-to-Noise-Ratio

Signal-to-noise ration (SNR) is the measured signal-to-noise

at the output of the converter. The signal is the RMS

magnitude of the fundamental. Noise is the RMS sum of all

the nonfundamental signals up to half the sampling

frequency. SNR is dependent on the number of quantization

levels used in the digitization process; the more levels, the

smaller the quantization noise. The theoretical SNR for a

sine wave is given by

SNR = (6.02N + 1.76)dB

where N is the number of bits. Thus for ideal 8-bit converter,

SNR = 49.92dB.

Harmonic Distortion

Harmonic distortion is the ratio of the RMS sum of

harmonics to the fundamental. Total harmonic distortion

(THD) of the ML2281 Series is defined as

THD

VVV









log

where V1 is the RMS amplitude of the fundamental and V2,

V3, V4, V5 are the RMS amplitudes of the individual

harmonics.

Intermodulation Distortion

With inputs consisting of sine waves at two frequencies, fA

and fB, any active device with nonlinearities will create

distortion products, of order (m + n), at sum and difference

frequencies of mfA + nfB, where m, n = 0, 1, 2, 3… .

Intermodulation terms are those for which m or n is not

equal to zero. The (IMD) intermodulation distortion

specification includes the second order terms (fA + fB) and

(fA – fB) and the third order terms (2fA + fB), (2fA – fB),

(fA + 2fB) and (fA – 2fB) only.

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