L9963E datasheet(3/184 Pages) STMICROELECTRONICS

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Device introduction

The L9963E is intended for operation in both hybrid (HE) and full electric (FE) vehicles using lithium battery

packs. The IC embeds all the features needed to perform battery management. A single device can monitor from

4 up to 14 cells. Several devices can be stacked in a vertical arrangement in order to monitor up to 31 battery

packs for a total of 434 series cells.

The device can be supplied with the same battery it monitors, and generates stable internal references by

means of a voltage regulator and a bootstrap. Both units need to be surrounded by external components

to be functional. It also features two internal bandgaps that are constantly monitored by internal circuitry to

guarantee measurement precision. The microcontroller can also monitor the precision of the bandgap by reading

the conversion of an internally generated voltage reference (VTREF).

L9963E main activity consists in monitoring cells and battery pack status through stack voltage measurement,

cell voltage measurement, temperature measurement and coulomb counting. Measurement and diagnostic tasks

can be executed either on demand or periodically, with a programmable cycle interval. Measurement data is

available for an external microcontroller to perform charge balancing and to compute the State Of Health (SOH)

and State Of Charge (SOC). In a typical use, the IC works in normal mode performing measurement conversions,

diagnostics and communication; the device can also be put into a cyclic wake up state, in order to reduce the

current consumption from the battery: while in this state, the main functions are activated periodically.

Passive cell balancing can be performed either via internal discharge path or via external MOSFETs. The

controller can either manually control the balancing drivers or start a balancing task with a fixed duration. In

the second case, the balancing may be programmed to continue also when the IC enters a low power mode

called Silent Balancing, in order to avoid unnecessary current absorption from the battery pack.

Thanks to the GPIOs, the device also offers the possibility to operate a distributed cell temperature sensing via

external NTCs resistances. In general, the GPIOs can be used to perform both absolute and differential voltage

conversions. They can also be configured as digital inputs/outputs. The IC supports up to 7 NTCs.

The external microcontroller can communicate with L9963E via SPI protocol, depending on the status of one pin

at the startup (SPIEN pin). The physical layer can be either a classical 4-wire based SPI or a 2-wire, transformer/

capacitive based, isolated interface through a dedicated isolated transceiver device. L9963E, in fact, can be used

as a transceiver, acting as a bridge between the two physical layers. In case of multiple L9963E vertically arrayed,

each L9963E communicates with the others by means of a vertical isolated interface. The microcontroller can

either address a single device of the chain or send broadcast commands.

L9963E has been engineered to perform automatic validation of any failure involving the cells or the whole battery

pack. The device is able to detect the loss of the connection to a cell or GPIO terminal. Moreover it features a

HardWare Self Check (HWSC) that verifies the correct functionality of the internal analog comparators and the

ADCs. All these checks are automatically performed in case a failure involving both cells or the battery pack

is detected, in order to always provide reliable information to the external microcontroller. The current sensing

interface used for coulomb counting is also capable of detecting failures such as open wires and overcurrent in

sleep mode. Conversions for coulomb counting are validated by built in self-test of the precision and detecting

any counter overflow. The cell balancing terminals can detect any short/open fault and the internal powerMOS are

protected against overcurrent.

The stack voltage is monitored for OV/UV by three parallel and independent systems. They have been

engineered to protect the IC against AMR violation, to detect any overvoltage event as per LV 148 and to

provide the possibility to trim the OV/UV levels according to the application and the total number of cells.

Moreover, all internal voltage regulators are equipped with UV/OV detection circuitry, that is also self-validated

upon failure detection via HWSC. Ground loss detection has also been implemented. In case of overtemperature,

thermal shutdown protects the IC. GPIOs are capable of detecting ‘stuck @’ faults when used as digital outputs.

Communication integrity is guaranteed by CRC check, while trimming and calibration data is continuously

checked against corruption. Protocol errors such as incorrect address, inconsistent frame and communication

interruption will be detected.

Critical failure modes will trigger the assertion of a dedicated FAULT line (implemented via two GPIOs),

propagating through the L9963E chain via external optocouplers and reaching the microcontroller. L9963E can

guarantee the FAULT line integrity via a heartbeat routine.

L9963E

Device introduction

DS13636 - Rev 12

page 3/184

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